Ability Scores and Modifiers

|Modifier|Score| |---|---| |−5|1| |−4|2–3| |−3|4–5| |−2|6–7| |−1|8–9| |+0|10–11| |+1|12–13| |+2|14–15| |+3|16–17| |+4|18–19| |+5|20–21| |+6|22–23| |+7|24–25| |+8|26–27| |+9|28–29| |+10|30|

To determine an ability modifier without consulting the table, subtract 10 from the ability score and then divide the total by 2 (round down).

Because ability modifiers affect almost every attack roll, ability check, and saving throw, ability modifiers come up in play more often than their associated scores.